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Servlet介绍(6)-----HttpServletRequest、HttpSession

Servlet浏览器HTMLJSPWeb
阅读更多
Servlet中的几个对象：

HttpServletRequest、HttpSession、ServletContext，这三个对象都有

void setAttribute(String name,  Object o)和void removeAttribute(String name)

这两个方法，通过这两个方法我们可以很方便的进行参数的传递。

三个对象的作用域的大小分别由小到大。当我们把一个对象通过void setAttribute(String name,  Object o)添加到这三个对象中的时候，除非我们显示的调用void removeAttribute(String name)或者当这三个对象自己销毁否则不会释放这些对象占用的空间，所以我们在将一个对象通过setAttribute添加到这三个对象时，需要注意用完了就remove掉(当然用完以后这个添加到的对象本身就快销毁时，我们也没必要多此一举)。而且尽量当对象存放在HttpServletRequest，然后才是HttpSession最后才是ServletContext。尽量不要把大对象存放在这些对象中，因为一个进程占用的资源毕竟是有限的。





Servlet中路径跳转的问题：

   

让我们先通过一个例子来看一下HttpServletRequest的获取路径的一些方法的返回值。



ServletPath:




package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;





public class ServletPath extends HttpServlet

...{



       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              showParam(req,resp);

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              showParam(req,resp);

       }

       private void showParam(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException

       ...{

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";



             

              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> pathshow"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            +"getContextPath():  " + req.getContextPath() + "   </br>"

                            +"getPathInfo():        " + req.getPathInfo() + "   </br>"

                            +"getRequestURI():   " + req.getRequestURI()+ "   </br>"

                            +"getRequestURL():   " + req.getRequestURL()+ "   </br>"

                            +"getServletPath():   " + req.getServletPath()+ "   </br>"

                            +"getQueryString():  " + req.getQueryString()+ "   </br>"

                            );



          out.println("</body></html>");

       }

      

}




将此Servlet部署后，mapping至<url-pattern>/ServletPath/*</url-pattern>

在浏览器输入http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/ServletPath/a/b/c?name=1&passord=2

可以看到如下输出：

getContextPath(): /train
     getPathInfo(): /a/b/c
     getRequestURI(): /train/ServletPath/a/b/c
     getRequestURL(): http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/ServletPath/a/b/c
     getServletPath(): /ServletPath
     getQueryString(): name=1&passord=2



我们可以很清楚的看到各个方法的返回值的情况。



     一个html,Servlet,jsp访问另外一个Servlet时候可以通过相对路径(相对于当前的路径)，相对于同一Web应用下的路径(比如我们的/train，通过request.getContextPath()获得)和绝对路径(直接http://...)。



我们一般在Servlet中访问另外一个Servlet或者jsp可以通过Servlet输出中的HTML元素FORM的属性值ACTION来实现。但是我们有时候可以采用一些更加方便的方法。







下面简单的介绍3个方法：

RequestDispatcher的

     void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)和

     void include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)方法。

和

HttpResponse的void sendRedirect(String location)方法。



我们先来介绍HttpResponse的void sendRedirect(String location)方法。

这个方法将请求一个url为location的页面, location可以是一个相对路径、相对于当前WEB应用的路径或者直接Http开头的路径，下面让我们看一个例子吧。

BeforeSendRedirect：






package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class BeforeSendRedirect extends HttpServlet

...{



       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";

              req.setAttribute("canyousee", "this");

             

              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> BeforeSendRedirect"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            +"     <h1>BeforeSendRedirect</h1>    </br>"

                            );

                 out.println("</body></html>");

              resp.sendRedirect("AfterSendRedirect");

      

         System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee") + " in BeforeSendRedirect");

         System.err.println("end in BeforeSendRedirect");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req,resp);

       }

      

}






AfterSendRedirect：





package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class AfterSendRedirect extends HttpServlet

...{

       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              System.err.println("begin AfterSendRedirect!");

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";

             

              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> AfterSendRedirect"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            + "     <h1>AfterSendRedirect</h1>    </br>");

              out.println("</body></html>");

              System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee") + " in AfterSendRedirect");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req, resp);

       }

}







将BeforeSendRedirect mapping至<url-pattern>/BeforeSendRedirect</url-pattern>

将BeforeSendRedirect mapping至<url-pattern>/AfterSendRedirect</url-pattern>

然后我们访问http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/BeforeSendRedirect ，可以看到页面跳转到http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/AfterSendRedirect，并且页面上显示的内容也是

AfterSendRedirect并且tomcat控制台输出为：

canyousee this in BeforeSendRedirect

end in BeforeSendRedirect

begin AfterSendRedirect

canyousee null in AfterSendRedirect



可以看出使用HttpResponse的void sendRedirect(String location)方法

1、             html页面会显示location所输出的页面

2、            浏览器上的url也为location的绝对路径

3、            原servlet调用void sendRedirect(String location)方法后，剩下的代码也会执行

4、            原servlet和跳转至的servlet的HttpServletRequest对象不是同一个对象。



下面该是

RequestDispatcher的

     void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)和

     void include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)方法的介绍。

       在这之前，我们先来看下javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher对象的获得方法。

获得这个对象的方法，存在于3个类或者接口中分别是ServletContext、ServletRequest和ServletRequestWrapper。这里我们只看ServletContext和ServletRequest。

在ServletContext和ServletRequest中获取RequestDispatcher都是通过方法RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)，但是需要注意这个方法在用不同的类调用的时候存在一些差异，使用ServletContext接口的对象调用时，String path的参数必须以”/”开头，也就是说从这个web项目的根开始。而使用ServletRequest接口的对象调用这个方法时，path可以不以”/”开头，简单的说就是可以使用相对于当前请求的相对路径。

下面我们先来看RequestDispatcher的void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)方法，按照惯例，我们还是用例子来说明问题。



BeforeForward：




package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class BeforeForward extends HttpServlet

...{

       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";

              req.setAttribute("canyousee", "this");



              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> BeforeForward"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            + "     <h1>BeforeForward</h1>    </br>");

              out.println("</body></html>");

              RequestDispatcher rd = this.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/AfterForward");

              System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee")

                            + " in BeforeForward");

              rd.forward(req, resp);



              System.err.println("end in BeforeForward");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req, resp);

       }

}






AfterForward：





package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class AfterForward extends HttpServlet

...{

       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              System.err.println("begin AfterForward!");

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";



              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> AfterForward"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            + "     <h1>AfterForward</h1>    </br>");

              out.println("</body></html>");

              System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee")

                            + " in AfterForward");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req, resp);

       }

}




BeforeForward和AfterForward分别mapping至<url-pattern>/BeforeForward</url-pattern>和<url-pattern>/AfterForward</url-pattern>



可以看到控制台输出如下：

canyousee this in BeforeForward

begin AfterForward!

canyousee this in AfterForward

end in BeforeForward



浏览器上显示的为：

  AfterForward浏览器上url为http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/BeforeForward



从结果我们可以看到

1、             forward会显示forward后的页面的内容

2、            forward调用后浏览器的url不会变化

3、            forward后的页面和原页面的request为同一对象





下面是RequestDispatcher的void include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)例子了，这个例子里，我们使用request来获取RequestDispatcher对象，所以可以使用相对路径。

BeforeInclude：




package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class BeforeInclude extends HttpServlet

...{

       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              resp.setContentType("text/html");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              String docType = "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> ";

              req.setAttribute("canyousee", "this");



              out.println(docType + "<HTML> " + "<HEAD><TITLE> BeforeInclude"

                            + "</TITLE></HEAD> " + "<BODY BGCOLOR="#FDF5E6"> "

                            + "     <h1>BeforeInclude</h1>    </br>");

             

              RequestDispatcher rd = req.getRequestDispatcher(

                            "InInclude");

              System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee")

                            + " in BeforeInclude");

              rd.include(req, resp);

              out.println("     <h1>AfterInclude</h1>    </br>");

              out.println("</body></html>");

              System.err.println("end in BeforeInclude");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req, resp);

       }

}




InInclude：






package squall.servlet.path;



import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.PrintWriter;



import javax.servlet.ServletException;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;



public class InInclude extends HttpServlet

...{

       protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              System.err.println("In InInclude!");

              PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();

              out.println( "     <h1>In InClude</h1>    </br>");

              System.err.println("canyousee " + req.getAttribute("canyousee")

                            + " in InInclude");

       }



       protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)

                     throws ServletException, IOException

       ...{

              doGet(req, resp);

       }

}






BeforeInclude和InInclude分别mapping至<url-pattern>/path/BeforeInclude</url-pattern>和<url-pattern>/path/InInclude</url-pattern>



访问http://127.0.0.1:8080/train/path/BeforeInclude

可以看到浏览器显示为：

BeforeInclude



In InClude



AfterInclude

而控制台输出为：

canyousee this in BeforeInclude

In InInclude!

canyousee this in InInclude

end in BeforeInclude



需要注意的是上面的例子中的InInclude无法输出一个完整的html页面。

从结果可以看出：

1、             include会显示原页面中include的地方显示include的Servlet输出的内容

2、            forward调用后浏览器的url不会变化

3、            forward后的页面和原页面的request为同一对象



还是要强调一下InInclude无法输出一个完整的html页面，它只是输出一部分东西而已。

讲到这里基本上servlet中请求的转发和跳转已经讲完了。

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